Constructivism is centered on the idea that human knowledge and learning are actively constructed by the learner, not passively received from the environment. Constructivist views learning as the result of mental construction. It is created or constructed by the experiencing individual. It is not impersonal or absolute. Characteristics of constructivist learning:Learners construct their knowledge through interaction, perception, and experience. Learners build their knowledge through previous experiences or knowledge.Learning is not standardized for all the students, it depends on the individual need, abilities, and capacities.It emphasizes collaboration with others for learning and ensures the active involvement of learners and promotes peer tutoring. Learner constructs their learning by engaging in different activities, group discussions, teamwork, etc.Learners construct concepts with logic, opposing rote learning, memorization, and recalling.So Option (4) is the correct answer.?Important PointsStudents are not passive receptacles. They do not easily process or transfer what they passively receive.In making an effort to make sense of information, students must make connections between old knowledge and new information.The central idea of the constructivist frame is that learners learn through experiencing things and reflecting on those experiences.Hint Collaborative learning is an umbrella term for a variety of educational approaches involving a joint intellectual effort by students, or students and teachers together.