Cognitive development involves areas such as problem-solving, moral understanding, and conceptual understanding; language acquisition; social, personality, and emotional development, and self-concept and identity formation. The risk factors and interventions influencing cognitive development in children can be divided into three domains: nutrition, environment, and maternal-child interactions.There are many theories on cognitive development are given such as:Jean Piaget's cognitive development theoryVygotskys Socio-Cultural Perspective on Learning and Cognitive Development.?According to Vygotsky's sociocultural perspective on learning and cognitive development:Children continuously learn in their everyday engagements with peers and adults. And thinking and knowledge developed in this process of learning.Childrens sociocultural milieu (environment) guides their development towards adult-like thinking.Cognitive abilities are substantially influenced by genes, with approximately half of the variance in general cognition attributed to genetic factors.So by all these, we can say that Cognitive development is the result of both heredity and environment.Hence option (3) is the correct answer.Additional Information Piaget ignores heredity and environment in the cognitive development of the child, according to him, the child learns by his perceptions and his thought processes. Piaget's theory of cognitive development is divided into four stages, sensory-motor stage, preoperational stage, concrete operational stage, and formal operational stage.Vygotsky's theory also considers the three basic needs for the development of the students as- social interaction, culture, and language.