Lev Vygotsky is a Russian Psychologist who proposed the theory of Socio-cultural development. In this theory, Vygotsky emphasizes the role of society and culture in the development of the child. According to him, there are three main needs for the development of the child and these are-Social InteractionCultureLanguage Vygotsky also proposed three basic needs of students during learning, these are:Zone of proximal development (ZPD)ScaffoldingMore knowledgeable others (MKO)Scaffolding: Scaffolding is the term, given by Vygotsky, in which he proposed that the temporary help given by the teachers, family, friends, etc. to the children in his learning. œScaffolding is one of the principles of effective instruction that enables teachers to accommodate individual student needs.In scaffolding, hints are given to the children, to improve their learning.So, Option (2) is the correct answer. ?Important PointsWhen students should not be provided any help by teachers or by others on the new concepts or on an existing concept, they can not get it well and it may be possible that they may lead towards rote learning.Interaction with others is much important to gain much core knowledge about any concepts, so interaction with adults or other who has experience or knowledge is must necessary for the students.Rewards and gifts gave students short-term happiness, this is not considered by Lev Vygotsky.Additional Information ZPD (zone of proximal development): The difference between the learning of a child by self and the learning of a child with the help of others(society, culture, etc).MKO (more knowledgeable others)- Vygotsky defined the œMore Knowledgeable Other (MKO) as anyone who has a better understanding or a higher ability level than the learner, particularly in regards to a specific task, concept, or process. MKO could be teachers, parents, tutors, and even peers.