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Which of the following describes 'Universal ethical principle orientation' stage of moral development proposed by Lawhrence Kohlberg?
The gradual formation of an individual's concepts of right and wrong, conscience, ethical and religious values, social attitudes, and behavior is called moral development.? The theory of a child's moral development is proposed by Lawrence Kohlberg in 1958. he describes the theory on 3 different levels and these 3 levels are further classified into 6 stages.Pre conventional level:Stage-1 Punishment-obedience orientation.Stage-2 Instrumental-exchange orientation. Conventional level:Stage:3 Good-boy-nice-girl orientationStage-4 Law and order orientation.Postconventional Level:Stage-5 Social-contract situationStage-6 Universal-ethical-principles orientation. Post conventional level: At this level, there is a clear effort to define moral values and principles that have validity and application apart from the authority of the groups or persons.Stage 6: The Universal Ethical Principle Orientation: Right is defined by the decision of the conscience in accordance with self-chosen ethical principles appealing to logical comprehensiveness, universality, and consistency. These are universal principles of justice, reciprocity, quality of human rights, and respect for the dignity of human beings as individual persons. Right action is defined by self-chosen ethical principles of conscience that are valid for all humanity, regardless of the law and social agreement. It is related to abstract universal principles that are valid for all humanity.Hence we can say that Abstract universal principles are valid for all humanity described 'Universal ethical principle orientation' stage of moral development proposed by Lawrence Kohlberg.?Important PointsStage-I: The Punishment and Obedience Orientation: The physical consequences of an action determine whether the action is good or bad regardless of the human value or the meaning of these consequences. Avoidance of punishment and deference to power are valued in their own right, not in terms of respect for the underlying moral order.Stage-2: Instrumental Relativist Orientation: Right action consists of that which instrumentally satisfies one's own needs and occasionally the needs of others. Stage 3: Good boy - Nice Girl Orientation: Good behavior is that which pleases or helps others and is approved by them. Behavior at this stage is frequently judged by intentions - "he means well", becomes important for the first time. One earns approval by being good to others.Stage 4: The Law and Order Orientation: There is an orientation towards authority, fixed rules, and maintenance of social order. Right behavior consists of doing one's duty, showing respect for established or lawful authority, and maintaining given social order for its own sake.Stage 5: The Social Contract, Legalistic Orientation: in terms of general individual rights and standards that have been critically examined and agreed upon by the whole society. Apart from what is constitutional and democratically agreed upon the right is a matter of personal values. The result is based upon a legal point of view but with a Right to Education emphasis upon the possibility of changing the law in terms of consideration of social utility.
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