Data scrambling:Data scrambling is the process of deleting or obfuscating confidential data, a method that is normally carried out by database administrators who want to preserve the confidentiality of the data. This process is irreversible so that the original data cannot be obtained from the scrambled data. In telecommunications and recording, a scrambler (also referred to as a randomizer) is a device that manipulates a data stream before transmitting. Scrambling is widely used in satellite, radio relay communications, and PSTN modems. Whereas encryption usually refers to operations carried out in the digital domain, scrambling usually refers to operations carried out in the analog domain. Encryption is the process of taking plain text, like a text message or email, and scrambling it into an unreadable format €” called €œciphertext. € This helps protect the confidentiality of digital data either stored on computer systems or transmitted through a network like an internet. Encryption is the process that scrambles readable text so it can only be read by the person who has the secret code, or decryption key. It helps provide data security for sensitiveIn cryptography, a permutation box (or P-box) is a method of bit-shuffling used to permute or transpose bits across S-boxes inputs, retaining diffusion while transposing. Cryptography is a method of protecting information and communications through the use of codes so that only those for whom the information is intended can read and process it. Intrusion Detection Systems (IDS) analyze network traffic for signatures that match known cyberattacks. Intrusion Prevention Systems (IPS) also analyzes packets, but can also stop the packet from being delivered based on what kind of attacks it detects. From the above discussion, we can conclude that protection, detection, and permutation are the terms used in cybersecurity and helps in protecting information. Encryption, on the other hand, scrambles readable text so it can only be read by the person who has the secret code. Hence, scrambling of data before transmission across a network to avoid manipulation by a third party is known as encryption. So, option (4) is correct.