Fallacies are errors in arguments that deceive our minds. It is a defect in an argument that consists of something other than merely false premises.Important Points All fallacious middle terms have been classified under the heads of the savyabhica?ra, viruddha, prakaranasama or satpratipaksa, sadhyasama or asiddha, ka?la?tita, and ba?dhita.It means a reason which is similar to the point at issue (Prakarana).When a middle term does not go farther than producing a state of mental oscillation between two opposite views we have a case of the prakaranasama middle. œSound is eternal, because the properties of the non-eternal are not found in it œSound is not-eternal, because the properties of the eternal are not found in it.The two middle terms being counteracted by each other cannot lead to any definite conclusion and we are left with the same question with which we started, namely, whether sound is eternal or non-eternal.Hence When a middle term does not go further than producing a state of mental oscillation between two opposite views, the case is known as Fallacy of Prakaranasam (counteracted middle) Additional InformationFallacy Of Virrudha (Contradictory Middle): Sound is eternal, because it is caused. In Savyabhica?ra or the irregular middle only fails to prove the conclusions. Whereas the viruddha or the contradictory middle disproves it or proves the contradictory proposition.Fallacy of Assidha (Unproved Middle ): The fallacy of the asiddha occurs when the middle term is wrongly assumed in any of the premises and so cannot be taken to prove the conclusion. Fallacy of Savyabhichara (Irregular middle ) : This fallacy arises when the middle term violates its second condition (sapaksasattva).